6+Molecular+Biology

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===**1. Why was Mendel’s choice of the garden pea a good one? //peas are easy to grow, they come in many readily distinguishable varieties and he was able to have control over pea mating //**=== ===**2. Be able to describe Mendel’s Principles of Dominance, Segregation and Independent Assortment.** //Dominance **- **//**//If the two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism's appearance and is the dominant allele and the other recessive allele has no noticeable effect on the appearance. // ** //Segregation **- A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait because allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes I **ndependant Assortment **- each pair of alleles segregates independent of the other pair during gamete formation if they are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome (jb) **//=== ===**3. What is a testcross and under what circumstances is it used? //a testcross is used to determine genotype where you cross an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive one // **=== ===**4. Be able to identify examples of pleiotropic, and polygenic inheritance. //pleiotropic- when genes influence multiple characteristics (sickle-cell) Polygenic-additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic (skin color?) // **===

**6. Be able to use a pedigree to determine if the inheritance is autosomal or sex-linked and dominant or recessive.**
===**7. Be able to identify the following experiments and briefly explain their purpose and significance: Griffith, Avery, Hershey/Chase. //all discovered that DNA not protein codes for traits/ it is genetic material //**===

**8. KNOW the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.**
===**9. What type of polymer DNA? What are the monomers? What is a nucleotide composed of? What types of bonds hold DNA together? //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">polymer- polynucleotide, monomer- nucleotide composed of phosphate group, nitrogenous base and deoxyribose sugar joined together by covalent bonds //**=== ===**10. What is the shape of DNA? What are the 5’ and 3’ ends of the DNA molecule? Why is this important? //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">double helix, at the 3' end an OH group is attached at 5' there is phosphate group, this is important to DNA replication the DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides to the 3' end so it can only grow 5'-3' //**===

**11. Be able to label a diagram of DNA and id all parts (like Study Guide Exercise 10.2).**
===**12. Be able to describe the contributions made by the following scientists to our understanding of the structure of DNA: Watson and Crick, Franklin, and Chargaff. //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">discovered double helix structure //**===

**13. What are Chargaff’s base pairing rules for DNA?//<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> A - T/U, C - G //**
===**14. Be able to describe how DNA replicates and label a diagram of a replication bubble or replication fork. Make sure you are familiar with the functions of the enzymes involved. //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">helicase- unzips primase- make RNA primer DNA polymerase- add DNA nucleotide DNA ligase- join strands (okazaki) RNA polymerase- add RNA nucleotide //**===

**15. What is the difference between the leading and lagging strands of DNA? What is an Okazaki fragment? Why is it produced?**
===**16. How are DNA and mRNA similar and different? //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">DNA is double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar and has A,C,T,G RNA is single stranded has ribose sugar and has A,C,U,G //**=== ===**17. Be able to describe the process of transcription. Where does it occur, what enzyme is involved? Where does the mRNA transcript go? //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">transcription occurs in the nucleus, RNA polymerase //**=== ===**18. What does mRNA processing in eukaryotes achieve? What is the difference between introns and exons? //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">introns-internal noncoding regions exons-coding regions, parts of a gene that are expressed as amino acid //**=== ===**19. What is a codon? How many mRNA bases make up a codon? Why that number? //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">codon- three-base word b/c it is the only way to have enough cominations to code for 20 amino acids //**=== ===**20. What is meant by the statement “the mRNA code is redundant but not ambiguous?” there are multiple ways to get the same amino acid (redundant) and we know what every combination codes for (unambiguous)**=== ===**21. What is tRNA? What is an antiodon? //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">transfer RNA is a molecular interpreter used to convert the 3 letter codon to one letter amino acid words of proteins anticodon- single stranded loop at one end of the folded molecule contains a special triplet of bases. //**===

**25. Differentiate between a point mutation (substitution, addition or deletion) and a frameshift mutation. Which is potentially worse?**
===**26. Be able to use the base-pairing rules, & an mRNA codon chart to determine the correct protein sequence for a given DNA sequence. Be able to make mutations to the sequence and analyze their effects.**===