9+Physiology

1. What features do all plants have in common?
autotrophs, photosynthesis, multicellular, anamalia, eukaryotic

2. What are the major adaptations plants evolved to be able to survive on land? How do these adaptations allow plants to live away from water?
Support: stem, roots Getting/Keeping H20: stomata, roots Reproduction: pollen, male vs. female parts

4. What are the advantages of pollen, flowers, and fruits?
Pollen: random mating, doesn't require energy Flowers: attract pollenators = more pollenation Fruits: = sweet = wants to be eaten = pooped out = planted somewhere else = plants are able to "change locations"

5. What is the disadvantage of pollination by wind?
inefficient b/c most of it ends up in the drains or in our lungs!

6. What materials enter and leave a plant at the roots and at the shoots (CO2, H2O, O2, and minerals).
Roots:: IN-H2O and minerals OUT-O2 and CO2 Shoots:: IN-CO2 and light OUT-O2 and H2O

7. How does a stomata function?
It opens and closes to let in water and let out CO2 in order to keep plant moist

8. What is transpiration? How does xylem function to move water from the roots to the shoots?
Water leaving the leaves; cohesion and adhesion and the water pressure from the roots pushes H2O up (root pressure)

10. What problem do plants have in getting nitrogen? How have they overcome this problem? How do carnivorous plants deal with the problem?
not enough oxygen in soil, either fertilizer or have a bacteria that produces nitrogen. carnivorous plants trap insects to get nitrogen.

11. What are the three tropisms?
Gravitropism-what makes roots grow down and shoots grow up (gravity) Phototropism-what makes plants bend towards the light (light) Thigmotropism-what makes them grow up a lattice (touch)

12. Be able to differentiate between monocots and dicots with regard to # of cotyledons, leaf venation, vascular tissues, roots and flower parts.

 * || ==MONOCOTS==

||  || ==DICOTS== ||
 * ==Flower parts== || ==Multiples of 3== || ==Multiples of 4&5== ||
 * ==Leaf venation== || lines== ==parallel || Branched== == ||
 * ==Cotyledons== || One== == || Two== == ||
 * ==Roots== || fibrous== == || Taproot

||
 * ==Vascular bundles in stem== || ==Arranged complexly== || ==Arranged in a ring== ||

13. What is the advantage of root hairs?
increases surface area

15. What part of the flower becomes the fruit?
Ovary

16. What part of the flower becomes the seed?
Ovule

17. How is a fruit an adaptive advantage for the survival of a plant species?
Its taste attracts animals and the seed can survive the animal's digestive system to be deposited in fertile poop away from the plant. no competition in food or water or nutrients etc with parent tree/plant.

18. How are seeds structurally adapted to life on land?
Provide a protective covering that gives the embryo food and retains water

19. How would the plant that produced the seedless grape reproduce?
cut the root and dip in root growing hormone and plant that.

20. What is the function of xylem?
carries H2O and minerals UP

21. What is the function of phloem?
carries sugar DOWN

22. When tree farmers in the New England area “tap” a maple tree to get out maple syrup, what part of the tree are they drilling into?
Sapwood/ phloem

What exactly is the syrup that they get from the tree?
phloem

a. Transports sugars produced by photosynthsis through the plant.
Phloem

b. Enables the trunk to grow thicker by producing new xylem and phloem.
Vascular Cambium

c. Contains active xylem tissue.
Sapwood

d. Protects the tree.
bark

e. Contains xylem that no longer carries water but helps support the tree.
heartwood

24. What does the number of rings tell you?

 * 1) of seasons the tree has been alive=age

25. What does the thickness of the rings tell you?
amount of growth per season... thicker=more growth

26. How are the redwoods of California that have roads tunneled through them able to survive? (Hint: Remember the function of the heartwood.)
heartwood is in the middle of the tree and it contains old xylem=if it is cut out it does not affect the growth of the tree...the tree only needs enough to be supported

27. What characteristics unite the animal kingdom?
all are eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs

28. Differentiate between radial and bilateral symmetry.
Radial can be divided in half in multiple ways; bilateral has a definite head and tail and can only be divided one way

What advantages come along with bilateral symmetry?
definite HEAD and TAIL, goes head first into the world.

29. What are the advantages of a body cavity?
It provides cushoning between endoderm and ectoderm; makes internal organs flexible; allows better transportation of fluids and gases

30. What is segmentation? Why is it an advantage? In which phyla does it first show up?
Segmentation is the separation of different body parts. It is an advantage because it enables more flexibility and the different parts can also perform and specialize in different functions. Annelida

31. What are the advantages of jointed appendages? In which phyla does this first show up?
better movement, specialized parts. Arthropoda

32. Differentiate between a hydrostatic skeleton, an exoskeleton, and an endoskeleton and give an example of each.
Hydrostatic skeleton- starfish Exoskeleton- chitin on arthropods (shells) Endoskeleton- inside support; either bone or cartilage

33. What are the four hallmark characteristics of the chordates?
post anal tail, notocord, pharyngael gill slits, dorsal nerve cord

34. Explain how the circulatory system changed to accommodate lung breathing and greater activity as land vertebrates evolved
lungs are inside, lots of small hairs to increase surface area, no gills, skeletal system change to help lungs expand and contract. ==35. Cardiac output is the amount of blood the left ventricle of the heart pumps per minute. Cardiac output can be as much as four times greater when you are exercising than when you are at rest. What two things could the heart increase to increase cardiac output when you are exercising?== increase amount squeezed per squeeze or increase squeezes per minute, pressure and heart rate

36. A runner’s heart rate is 160 beats per minute, and 90mL of blood is pumped by the left ventricle with each beat. What is the runner’s cardiac output?
14.4 min/L; 160*90= 1440 min/ml

37. How does high blood pressure contribute to cardiovascular disease?
Requires the heart to work harder to pump blood; the left ventricle may increase; heart weakens; ruptures on aortal walls ==38. Trace the flow of blood from one point in the body to the heart, lungs and back to that point using the following terms: Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Aorta, Vena Cava, Pulmonary Vein, Pulmonary Artery== vena cava r atrium r vetricle pulmonary artery pulmonary vein l atrium l ventricle aorta